Chinese Rheumatology AssociationChinese Medical AssociationRheumatology and Immunology Physician BranchChinese Medical Doctor AssociationRheumatology BranchChina Association of Chinese MedicineProfessional Committee on Rheumatology and Immunology RehabilitationChinese Association of Rehabilitation Medicine
张志毅,哈尔滨医科大学附属第一医院风湿免疫科,哈尔滨 150001,Email:zhangzhiyi2014@163.com茅益民,上海交通大学医学院附属仁济医院消化内科,上海 200001,Email:maoym11968@163.com Zhang Zhiyi, Department of Rheumatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China, Email: zhangzhiyi2014@163.comMao Yimin, Department of Gastroenterology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200001, China, Email: maoym11968@163.com
作为重要的药源性疾病,药物性肝损伤(drug-induced liver injury,DILI)不仅可影响原发疾病的治疗,导致原发疾病进展或住院时间延长,严重者可导致急性肝衰竭,需接受肝移植治疗,甚至死亡。我国普通人群中每年估算的DILI发生率至少为23.80/10万人[1]。风湿性疾病的疾病谱广泛、复杂,可累及全身各系统和器官,部分风湿病本身亦可因肝脏受累而导致肝损伤。且随着抗风湿病新药研发的快速进展,临床上用于治疗各种风湿性疾病的药物种类繁多,常用的一些药物如非甾体抗炎药、糖皮质激素、免疫抑制剂、生物制剂等均有导致肝损伤的风险。因此临床中,抗风湿病药物性肝损伤(anti rheumatic drug induced liver injury,AR-DILI)的及时识别、建立诊断、预后预测、临床管理和风险防范面临巨大挑战。
本共识工作组所有成员均签署了利益冲突声明,并按照自制利益冲突管理办法进行利益冲突的评估和管理。本共识已在国际实践指南注册与透明化平台(Practice guideline REgistration for transPAREncy,PREPARE,http://www.guidelines-registry.cn)进行了中英文双语注册,注册号为 PREPARE-2023CN460。
一、DILI分型和临床表型(一)DILI分型
根据发病机制和肝脏生物化学异常的模式,DILI可有不同的分型。基于发病机制,DILI分为固有型、特异质型和间接型。三者的定义、临床特点、典型药物等可参见“药物性肝损伤指南”。间接型DILI是近年提出的新分型,其发生是因为某些药物通过改变或加剧患者先前存在的肝脏疾病(如慢性病毒性肝炎或脂肪肝),或通过改变患者的免疫系统状态而间接导致的肝损伤,这种损伤机制不同于传统的固有型、特异质型DILI。抗风湿病药物中,一些药物的肝损伤机制属于间接型DILI范畴,如大剂量糖皮质激素或某些单抗导致的病毒性肝炎再激活、英夫利西单抗等药物诱导自身免疫样肝炎(drug-induced autoimmune like hepatitis,DI-ALH)、长期低剂量甲氨蝶呤治疗加重患者原来的脂肪性肝病等。
特殊表型DILI:该型复杂,涵盖了常见或相对少见的肝损伤类型,包括免疫介导的肝损伤[药物超敏反应综合征(drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms)、自身免疫性肝炎(autoimmune hepatitis,AIH)、免疫检查点抑制剂(ICIs)肝毒性]、肝细胞脂肪变(急性脂肪肝、药物相关脂肪性肝病)、胆管损伤(继发性硬化性胆管炎、胆管减少或消失综合征)、肝脏血管损伤(肝窦阻塞综合征、结节性再生性增生)及其他(肉芽肿性肝炎、肝纤维化/肝硬化、肝脏肿瘤)等。
药物相关风险因素中,每日高剂量(每日药物剂量>100 mg)、高亲脂性、可形成活性代谢产物、抑制胆汁酸盐输出泵(bile salt export pump,BSEP)或线粒体功能、具有药物相互作用的药物,是潜在肝毒性风险较高的药物特性[31]。如对乙酰氨基酚的肝毒性与剂量呈正相关;环孢素A的肝毒性可能与其抑制BSEP功能相关。
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